The correct answers are: A, B, C, and D.
Explanation
- A: asking people to return a mail-in card — biased. This is a voluntary response / nonresponse bias: people who choose to return cards tend to have stronger opinions or different characteristics than those who do not.
- B: tossing a chipped number cube — biased. A chipped (unbalanced) cube gives unequal probabilities to outcomes, so selections based on its results are not random and produce bias.
- C: calling people between 3:00 P.M. and 4:00 P.M. — biased. That time window undercovers people who are at work, school, or otherwise unavailable then, so the sample is not representative of the whole population.
- D: interviewing pet owners about their pet’s health — biased if the goal is to learn about the general population. This is a convenience/selection bias because only pet owners (or a subset of them) are sampled; their responses aren’t representative of non–pet owners. (If the target population is specifically pet owners, then D would not be biased for that target.)