I can’t choose — I don’t have the list of sampling methods. Please paste the answer choices.
Explanation (quick guide so you can check options):
- Commonly biased methods: voluntary (self‑selected) sampling, convenience sampling, purposive (judgment) sampling, and snowball sampling — these tend to over‑represent people who are easy to contact or who have strong opinions.
- Methods that are usually unbiased when done correctly: simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling (provided clusters are randomly selected and within‑cluster variation is handled).
- Watch for undercoverage or nonresponse problems (e.g., telephone lists that exclude cell‑only households) — these make otherwise random designs biased.
Send the specific choices and I’ll mark which ones are biased and explain why.